Echinacea is a widely used herbal supplement primarily utilized for the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infections and the common cold. While there is a large volume of research, findings regarding its clinical efficacy remain inconsistent and controversial.

Evidence by Condition

Common Cold / Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTI) Moderate

Extensive meta-analyses and systematic reviews show varying results, with much of the evidence suggesting limited or inconsistent benefits for prevention and treatment.

Athletic Performance Weak

Research indicates that Echinacea supplementation does not impact aerobic capacity or erythropoiesis in athletes.

Pediatric Respiratory Infections Insufficient

The effectiveness and safety of Echinacea for treating upper respiratory infections and complications of otitis media in children remain debated.

Cough Insufficient

Evidence from meta-analyses of herbal medicines for cough is inconclusive regarding specific Echinacea benefits.

Effective Doses

Dose ranges are not specified in the provided research summaries.

Key Findings

Echinacea supplementation does not impact aerobic capacity and erythropoiesis in athletes (PMID: 38999738).
Large-scale Cochrane reviews and meta-analyses have found inconsistent evidence for the prevention and treatment of the common cold (PMID: 24554461).
There is evidence of potential interactions between herbal products and prescribed medications (PMID: 30660822).

Limitations

Research is characterized by significant controversy and inconsistent results across different preparations and study populations. There is a particular lack of definitive evidence regarding its use in pediatric populations.

Safety & Interactions

Users should be aware of potential interactions between Echinacea and prescribed medications.

AI-generated summary from 38 peer-reviewed studies. Not medical advice. Always consult a healthcare provider.

Drug-Supplement Interactions

Antiarrhythmics 🔴 Critical

Mechanism: Echinacea is a weak inhibitor of CYP2C9, which decreases metabolism of CYP2C9 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of amiodarone (antiarrhythmics), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of amiodarone. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

Anticonvulsants 🔴 Critical

Mechanism: Echinacea is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4, which decreases metabolism of CYP3A4 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of carbamazepine (anticonvulsants), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of carbamazepine. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

Antipsychotics 🔴 Critical

Mechanism: Echinacea is a moderate inhibitor of CYP1A2, which decreases metabolism of CYP1A2 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of clozapine (antipsychotics), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of clozapine. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

GI Prokinetics 🔴 Critical

Mechanism: Echinacea is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4, which decreases metabolism of CYP3A4 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of cisapride (gi-prokinetics), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of cisapride. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

ADHD Medications 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Echinacea is a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6, which decreases metabolism of CYP2D6 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of atomoxetine (adhd-medications), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of atomoxetine. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

ARB 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Echinacea is a weak inhibitor of CYP2C9, which decreases metabolism of CYP2C9 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of losartan (arb), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of losartan. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

Abemaciclib 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Abemaciclib

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Abiraterone 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Abiraterone

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Albendazole 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Albendazole

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Analgesics 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Echinacea is a moderate inhibitor of CYP1A2, which decreases metabolism of CYP1A2 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of acetaminophen (analgesics), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of acetaminophen. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

Antibiotics 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Clarithromycin, Thiabendazole, Thiabendazole

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Anticoagulants 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Apixaban, Rivaroxaban

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Antidiabetic Drugs 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Saxagliptin, Linagliptin, Repaglinide, Troglitazone

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Antiemetics 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Echinacea is a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6, which decreases metabolism of CYP2D6 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of ondansetron (antiemetics), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of ondansetron. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

Antifungals 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Echinacea is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4, which decreases metabolism of CYP3A4 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of fluconazole (antifungals), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of fluconazole. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

Antiplatelet Drugs 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Cilostazol, Clopidogrel, Ticagrelor, Vorapaxar, Anagrelide

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Antitussives 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Echinacea is a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6, which decreases metabolism of CYP2D6 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of dextromethorphan (antitussives), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of dextromethorphan. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

Apremilast 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Apremilast

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Aprepitant 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Aprepitant

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Astemizole 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Astemizole

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Axitinib 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Axitinib

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Azelastine (nasal) 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Azelastine (nasal)

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Benzodiazepines 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Echinacea is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4, which decreases metabolism of CYP3A4 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of midazolam (benzodiazepines), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of midazolam. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

Beta Blockers 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Echinacea is a moderate inhibitor of CYP1A2, which decreases metabolism of CYP1A2 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of propranolol (beta-blockers), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of propranolol. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

Beta-2 Agonists 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Echinacea is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4, which decreases metabolism of CYP3A4 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of salmeterol (beta2-agonists), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of salmeterol. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

Bortezomib 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Bortezomib

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Bosutinib 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Bosutinib

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Brentuximab vedotin 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Brentuximab vedotin

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Brigatinib 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Brigatinib

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

CFTR Modulators 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Echinacea is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4, which decreases metabolism of CYP3A4 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of ivacaftor (cftr-modulators), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of ivacaftor. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

Cabazitaxel 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Cabazitaxel

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Cabozantinib 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Cabozantinib

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Caffeine 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Echinacea is a moderate inhibitor of CYP1A2, which decreases metabolism of CYP1A2 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of caffeine (caffeine), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of caffeine. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

Calcium Channel Blockers 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Echinacea is a moderate inhibitor of CYP1A2, which decreases metabolism of CYP1A2 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of verapamil (calcium-channel-blockers), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of verapamil. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

Chemotherapy 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Eltrombopag, Bendamustine

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Ciclesonide 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Ciclesonide

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Cisapride 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Cisapride

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Cobicistat 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Cobicistat

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Corticosteroids 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Hydrocortisone, Triamcinolone, Dexamethasone, Betamethasone, Budesonide, Prednisone, Prednisolone, Hydrocortisone, Triamcinolone, Dexamethasone, Betamethasone, Budesonide, Methylprednisolone, Prednisolone, Hydrocortisone, Triamcinolone, Dexamethasone, Betamethasone, Deflazacort, Methylprednisolone, Prednisone, Prednisolone, Fludrocortisone, Hydrocortisone, Triamcinolone, Dexamethasone, Betamethasone, Budesonide, Prednisolone, Prednisolone

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Dapsone 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Dapsone

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Dexfenfluramine 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Dexfenfluramine

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Disulfiram 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Disulfiram

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Dolasetron 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Dolasetron

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Dopamine Agonists 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Echinacea is a moderate inhibitor of CYP1A2, which decreases metabolism of CYP1A2 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of ropinirole (dopamine-agonists), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of ropinirole. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

Doxercalciferol 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Doxercalciferol

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Eliglustat 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Eliglustat

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Erythromycin 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Erythromycin

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Ethinylestradiol 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Ethinylestradiol

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Fluticasone 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Fluticasone

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Fluticasone (nasal) 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Fluticasone (nasal)

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Fluticasone (topical) 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Fluticasone (topical)

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Gastrointestinal Drugs 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Alosetron

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Granisetron 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Granisetron

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Halofantrine 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Halofantrine

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Hydrocodone 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Hydrocodone

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Immunosuppressants 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Echinacea stimulates immune function, potentially counteracting immunosuppressive drugs.

Effect: Reduced immunosuppression; possible organ rejection or autoimmune flare

Management: Avoid in transplant patients and those on immunosuppressive therapy.

Evidence: theoretical

Indacaterol 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Indacaterol

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Ivacaftor 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Ivacaftor

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Ivermectin 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Ivermectin

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Ivermectin (topical) 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Ivermectin (topical)

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Ketoconazole 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Ketoconazole

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Leukotriene Antagonists 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Echinacea is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4, which decreases metabolism of CYP3A4 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of montelukast (leukotriene-antagonists), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of montelukast. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

Lidocaine 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Lidocaine

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Loratadine 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Loratadine

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Lumefantrine 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Lumefantrine

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

MAOI 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Echinacea is a moderate inhibitor of CYP1A2, which decreases metabolism of CYP1A2 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of rasagiline (maoi), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of rasagiline. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

Mefloquine 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Mefloquine

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Melatonin 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Echinacea is a moderate inhibitor of CYP1A2, which decreases metabolism of CYP1A2 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of melatonin (melatonin), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of melatonin. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

Montelukast 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Montelukast

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

NSAIDs 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Echinacea is a weak inhibitor of CYP2C9, which decreases metabolism of CYP2C9 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of ibuprofen (nsaids), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of ibuprofen. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

Naldemedine 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Naldemedine

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Naloxegol 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Naloxegol

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Nitisinone 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Nitisinone

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Ondansetron 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Ondansetron

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Opioids 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Echinacea is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4, which decreases metabolism of CYP3A4 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of methadone (opioids), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of methadone. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

Oral Contraceptives 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Echinacea is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4, which decreases metabolism of CYP3A4 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of ethinylestradiol (oral-contraceptives), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of ethinylestradiol. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

PDE5 Inhibitors 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Echinacea is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4, which decreases metabolism of CYP3A4 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of sildenafil (pde5-inhibitors), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of sildenafil. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

Paclitaxel 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Paclitaxel

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Paricalcitol 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Paricalcitol

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Pentoxifylline 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Pentoxifylline

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Pimecrolimus (topical) 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Pimecrolimus (topical)

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Ppis 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Rabeprazole, Lansoprazole

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Praziquantel 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Praziquantel

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Quinine 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Quinine

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Retapamulin (topical) 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Retapamulin (topical)

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Retinoids 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Isotretinoin, Tretinoin, Bexarotene

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Roflumilast 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Roflumilast

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Rolapitant 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Rolapitant

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

SNRI 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Echinacea is a moderate inhibitor of CYP1A2, which decreases metabolism of CYP1A2 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of duloxetine (snri), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of duloxetine. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

SSRI 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Echinacea is a moderate inhibitor of CYP1A2, which decreases metabolism of CYP1A2 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of fluvoxamine (ssri), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of fluvoxamine. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

Salmeterol 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Salmeterol

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Sibutramine 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Sibutramine

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Simvastatin 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Simvastatin

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Statins 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Echinacea is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4, which decreases metabolism of CYP3A4 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of simvastatin (statins), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of simvastatin. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

Terbinafine 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Terbinafine

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Terfenadine 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Terfenadine

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Theophylline 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Theophylline

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Tinidazole 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Tinidazole

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Tricyclic Antidepressants 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Echinacea is a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4, which decreases metabolism of CYP3A4 substrates, potentially increasing their plasma concentrations and risk of adverse effects.

Effect: Increased plasma levels of amitriptyline (tricyclic-antidepressants), potentially leading to toxicity or enhanced adverse effects.

Management: Monitor for increased adverse effects of amitriptyline. Dose reduction may be necessary. Consider alternative supplement or consult healthcare provider.

Evidence: cyp-inferred

Vilanterol 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Vilanterol

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Warfarin 🟡 Moderate

Mechanism: Interaction identified from DDInter 2.0 database. Specific drugs: Warfarin

Effect: See mechanism description

Management: Consult healthcare provider before combining.

Evidence: ddinter-verified

Midazolam 🟢 Minor

Mechanism: Echinacea may inhibit intestinal CYP3A4 but induce hepatic CYP3A4, with net effect on midazolam being variable.

Effect: Variable effect on midazolam levels depending on route of administration

Management: Monitor for altered sedative effect. Minor clinical concern for most patients.

Evidence: possible

⚠️ This information is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult your healthcare provider before combining supplements with medications.

Claims vs. Evidence

100% Evidence-Backed

0% Unsupported

74% Structure/Function

Claim Type	% of Products	Evidence Required	Status
All Other	99%	Tier D (Unclassified)	✅ Supported
Structure/Function	74%	Tier C (DSHEA Structure/Function (no pre-approval))	✅ Supported
Nutrient	3%	Tier D (Unknown)	✅ Supported
No Claim	1%	Tier D (No claim on label)	✅ Supported
Qualified Health	0%	Tier B (FDA Qualified Health Claim)	✅ Supported

🏛️ NIH ODS Factsheet

Echinacea

Research by Topic

Echinacea 21 studies

MET Echinacea Supplementation Does Not Impact Aerobic Capacity a...

MET Herbal Medicine in Children With Respiratory Tract Infection...

MET Herbal Medicine for Cough: a Systematic Review and Meta-Anal...

+18 more

Echinacea Immune 9 studies

MET Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold

MET Efficacy and safety of Echinacea purpurea in treating upper ...

SYS Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold

+6 more

Vitamin C 2 studies

SYS Common cold

Dietary Supplement General 2 studies

CLI Echinacea-based Supplement Does Not Improve Markers of Perfo...

CLI Drug Interactions of Echinacea, Ginseng, and Ginkgo Biloba T...

Ginkgo 1 studies

MET The risk-benefit profile of commonly used herbal therapies: ...

Ginseng 1 studies

MET Immunopharmacology of the main herbal supplements: a review

Berberine 1 studies

SYS Clinical evidence of herbal drugs as perpetrators of pharmac...

Garlic 1 studies

SYS Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: ...

⚠️ FDA Safety Data

Adverse Event Profile: Echinacea

Research Evidence (38)

Meta Analysis: 15 Systematic Review: 12 Rct: 6 Clinical Trial: 2 Regulatory Source: 1 Openfda Safety: 1

A Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold

Meta Analysis The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2014 n=4631

BACKGROUND: Echinacea plant preparations (family Asteraceae) are widely used in Europe and North America for common colds. Most consumers and physicians are not aware that products available under the term Echinacea differ appreciably in their compos...

PubMed DOI Cochrane

B Efficacy and safety of Echinacea purpurea in treating upper respiratory infections and complications of otitis media in children: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Meta Analysis Clinical nutrition ESPEN 2025 n=1518

BACKGROUND: Echinacea purpurea is widely utilized in dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, and herbal medicine, yet its effectiveness and safety for children remain debated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of E. purpurea in the tre...

PubMed DOI

B Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold

Systematic Review The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2000 n=3396

BACKGROUND: Extracts of the plant Echinacea (family Compositae) are widely used in some European countries and the USA for upper respiratory tract infections. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the effects of preparations containi...

PubMed Cochrane

B Echinacea Supplementation Does Not Impact Aerobic Capacity and Erythropoiesis in Athletes: A Meta-Analysis

Meta Analysis Nutrients 2024 n=502

**Deccy et al., 2024** | Nutrients | Meta Analysis Deccy Stephanie, Bartkowiak Callie, ... Paultre Kristopher. Echinacea Supplementation Does Not Impact Aerobic Capacity and Erythropoiesis in Athletes: A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2024-Jun-22;16(13). ...

PubMed DOI

B Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold

Meta Analysis The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2006

BACKGROUND: Preparations of the plant Echinacea (family Compositae) are widely used in some European countries and in North America for common colds. Most consumers and physicians are not aware that products available under the term Echinacea differ ...

PubMed Cochrane

B Therapeutic Potential of a Natural Blend of Aronia melancarpa, Lonicera caerulea, and Echinacea purpurea Extracts in Treating Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: Preliminary Clinical and In Vitro Immunomodulatory Insights

Rct International journal of molecular sciences 2024 n=61

Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are a prevalent health issue, causing considerable morbidity. Despite the availability of conventional treatments, there is an increasing interest in natural products due to their potential antiviral and imm...

PubMed DOI

B Herbal Medicine in Children With Respiratory Tract Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Meta Analysis Academic pediatrics 2018 n=2181

**Anheyer et al., 2018** | Acad Pediatr | Meta Analysis Anheyer Dennis, Cramer Holger, ... Dobos Gustav. Herbal Medicine in Children With Respiratory Tract Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Acad Pediatr. 2018;18(1):8-19. doi:10.1016/j.a...

PubMed DOI

B Evaluation of echinacea for the prevention and treatment of the common cold: a meta-analysis

Meta Analysis The Lancet. Infectious diseases 2007

Echinacea is one of the most commonly used herbal products, but controversy exists about its benefit in the prevention and treatment of the common cold. Thus, we did a meta-analysis evaluating the effect of echinacea on the incidence and duration of ...

PubMed

B Herbal Medicine for Cough: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Meta Analysis Forschende Komplementarmedizin (2006) 2015 n=7083

**Wagner et al., 2015** | Forsch Komplementmed | Meta Analysis Wagner Luise, Cramer Holger, ... Langhorst Jost. Herbal Medicine for Cough: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Forsch Komplementmed. 2015;22(6):359-68. doi:10.1159/000442111 BACKGROUN...

PubMed DOI

B Echinacea for the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Meta Analysis Complementary therapies in medicine 2019

BACKGROUND: Echinacea preparations are commonly used to prevent and treat upper respiratory tract infection. OBJECTIVES: To assess current evidence for the safety and efficacy of echinacea containing preparations in preventing and treating upper resp...

PubMed DOI

B Rabbit dietary supplementation with pale purple coneflower. 1. Effects on the reproductive performance and immune parameters of does

Rct Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience 2016

**Dabbou et al., 2016** | Animal | Rct Dabbou S, Rotolo L, ... Gasco L. Rabbit dietary supplementation with pale purple coneflower. 1. Effects on the reproductive performance and immune parameters of does. Animal. 2016-Jul;10(7):1101-9. doi:10.1017/S...

PubMed DOI

B Efficacy of Functional Foods, Beverages, and Supplements Claiming to Alleviate Air Travel Symptoms: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Meta Analysis Nutrients 2021 n=10

**Chan et al., 2021** | Nutrients | Meta Analysis Chan Virginia, Wang Leanne, Allman-Farinelli Margaret. Efficacy of Functional Foods, Beverages, and Supplements Claiming to Alleviate Air Travel Symptoms: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrient...

PubMed DOI

C Interaction of herbal products with prescribed medications: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Meta Analysis Pharmacological research 2019 n=32

**Awortwe et al., 2019** | Pharmacol Res | Meta Analysis Awortwe Charles, Bruckmueller Henrike, Cascorbi Ingolf. Interaction of herbal products with prescribed medications: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res. 2019-Mar;141:397-408. d...

PubMed DOI

C Echinacea for treating the common cold: a randomized trial

Rct Annals of internal medicine 2010 n=719

**Barrett et al., 2010** | Ann Intern Med | Rct Barrett Bruce, Brown Roger, ... Ewers Tola. Echinacea for treating the common cold: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2010-Dec-21;153(12):769-77. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-153-12-201012210-00003 BACKGROUN...

PubMed DOI

C Common cold

Systematic Review BMJ clinical evidence 2008

**Arroll et al., 2008** | BMJ Clin Evid | Systematic Review Arroll Bruce. Common cold. BMJ Clin Evid. 2008-Jun-09;2008 INTRODUCTION: Each year, children suffer up to 5 colds and adults have 2-3 infections, leading to time off school or work, and cons...

PubMed

C Common cold

Systematic Review BMJ clinical evidence 2011

**Arroll et al., 2011** | BMJ Clin Evid | Systematic Review Arroll Bruce. Common cold. BMJ Clin Evid. 2011-Mar-16;2011 INTRODUCTION: Each year, children suffer up to 5 colds and adults have two to three infections, leading to time off school or work,...

PubMed

C The effect of Echinacea on upper respiratory infection symptom severity and quality of life

Meta Analysis Connecticut medicine 2006

We reviewed the current body of evidence supporting the use of Echinacea to reduce URI symptoms and improve QoL. Different Echinacea species have been administered either alone or in combination with other herbals and in various doses and dosage form...

PubMed

C Efficacy of vitamin C for the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infection. A meta-analysis in children

Meta Analysis European journal of clinical pharmacology 2019

**Vorilhon et al., 2019** | Eur J Clin Pharmacol | Meta Analysis Vorilhon Philippe, Arpajou Bastien, ... Cabaillot Aurélie. Efficacy of vitamin C for the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infection. A meta-analysis in children. Eur ...

PubMed DOI

C Medicinal plants--prophylactic and therapeutic options for gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets? A systematic review

Systematic Review BMC veterinary research 2016

**Ayrle et al., 2016** | BMC Vet Res | Systematic Review Ayrle Hannah, Mevissen Meike, ... Walkenhorst Michael. Medicinal plants--prophylactic and therapeutic options for gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets? A systematic r...

PubMed DOI

C A systematic review of the traditional uses, chemistry, and curative aptitude of echinacoside-a phenylethanoid glycoside

Systematic Review Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 2025

**Baidya et al., 2025** | Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol | Systematic Review Baidya Ritika, Sarkar Biswatrish. A systematic review of the traditional uses, chemistry, and curative aptitude of echinacoside-a phenylethanoid glycoside. Naunyn Schmi...

PubMed DOI

C Phytotherapy for acute respiratory tract infections in children: a systematically conducted, comprehensive review

Systematic Review Frontiers in pediatrics 2025

**Kamin et al., 2025** | Front Pediatr | Systematic Review Kamin Wolfgang, Seifert Georg, ... Kara Ateş. Phytotherapy for acute respiratory tract infections in children: a systematically conducted, comprehensive review. Front Pediatr. 2025;13:1423250...

PubMed DOI

C Echinacea in the prevention of induced rhinovirus colds: a meta-analysis

Meta Analysis Clinical therapeutics 2006

**Schoop et al., 2006** | Clin Ther | Meta Analysis Schoop Roland, Klein Peter, ... Johnston Sebastian L. Echinacea in the prevention of induced rhinovirus colds: a meta-analysis. Clin Ther. 2006-Feb;28(2):174-83 BACKGROUND: The therapeutic effective...

PubMed

C Evaluation of documented drug interactions and contraindications associated with herbs and dietary supplements: a systematic literature review

Systematic Review International journal of clinical practice 2012

**Tsai et al., 2012** | Int J Clin Pract | Systematic Review Tsai H-H, Lin H-W, ... Mahady G B. Evaluation of documented drug interactions and contraindications associated with herbs and dietary supplements: a systematic literature review. Int J Clin...

PubMed DOI

C The risk-benefit profile of commonly used herbal therapies: Ginkgo, St. John's Wort, Ginseng, Echinacea, Saw Palmetto, and Kava

Meta Analysis Annals of internal medicine 2002

**Ernst et al., 2002** | Ann Intern Med | Meta Analysis Ernst Edzard. The risk-benefit profile of commonly used herbal therapies: Ginkgo, St. John's Wort, Ginseng, Echinacea, Saw Palmetto, and Kava. Ann Intern Med. 2002-Jan-01;136(1):42-53 Because us...

PubMed

C Immunopharmacology of the main herbal supplements: a review

Meta Analysis Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets 2013

**Amico et al., 2013** | Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets | Meta Analysis Amico Angelo P, Terlizzi Annamaria, ... Fiore Pietro. Immunopharmacology of the main herbal supplements: a review. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2013-Dec;13(4...

PubMed

C Clinical evidence of herbal drugs as perpetrators of pharmacokinetic drug interactions

Systematic Review Planta medica 2012 n=21

**Hermann et al., 2012** | Planta Med | Systematic Review Hermann Robert, von Richter Oliver. Clinical evidence of herbal drugs as perpetrators of pharmacokinetic drug interactions. Planta Med. 2012-Sep;78(13):1458-77. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1315117 The ...

PubMed DOI

C Investigating the effect of echinacea extraction syrup on the outcomes of lower respiratory infections in patients with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial study

Rct Virology journal 2024 n=20

INTRODUCTION: Many COVID-19 patients experience mild to severe symptoms, including respiratory system involvement. Different treatment instructions have been suggested for patients with COVID-19. Echinacea has known antiviral effects. However, there ...

PubMed DOI

C Interaction: Echinacea × Immunosuppressants

Regulatory Source

**Severity**: MODERATE **Evidence**: theoretical Echinacea stimulates immune function, potentially counteracting immunosuppressive drugs. Reduced immunosuppression; possible organ rejection or autoimmune flare Avoid in transplant patients and those o...

C Alternative therapies for chronic rhinosinusitis: A review

Systematic Review Ear, nose, & throat journal 2018

**Griffin et al., 2018** | Ear Nose Throat J | Systematic Review Griffin Aaron S, Cabot Peter, ... Panizza Ben. Alternative therapies for chronic rhinosinusitis: A review. Ear Nose Throat J. 2018-Mar;97(3):E25-E33 The use of alternative medicine in c...

PubMed

C The safety of herbal medicinal products derived from Echinacea species: a systematic review

Systematic Review Drug safety 2005

**Huntley et al., 2005** | Drug Saf | Systematic Review Huntley Alyson L, Thompson Coon Joanna, Ernst Edzard. The safety of herbal medicinal products derived from Echinacea species: a systematic review. Drug Saf. 2005;28(5):387-400 Echinacea spp. are...

PubMed

C Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: a systematic review

Systematic Review Drugs 2001

**Izzo et al., 2001** | Drugs | Systematic Review Izzo A A, Ernst E. Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: a systematic review. Drugs. 2001;61(15):2163-75 Despite the widespread use of herbal medicines, documented herb-drug inte...

PubMed

C An evidence-based systemic review Echinacea E. angustifolia DC, E. pallida, E. purpurea by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration

Systematic Review Journal of herbal pharmacotherapy 2005

**Basch et al., 2005** | J Herb Pharmacother | Systematic Review Basch Ethan, Ulbricht Catherine, ... Vora Mamta. An evidence-based systemic review Echinacea E. angustifolia DC, E. pallida, E. purpurea by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. ...

PubMed

C Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of Echinacea purpurea preparations and their interaction with the immune system

Rct International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 2006

**Woelkart et al., 2006** | Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther | Rct Woelkart K, Marth E, ... Bauer R. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of Echinacea purpurea preparations and their interaction with the immune system. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006-Sep;44...

PubMed

C Echinacea-based Supplement Does Not Improve Markers of Performance in Athletes

Clinical Trial ClinicalTrials.gov 2012

**NCT ID**: NCT02134119 **Phase**: NA **Status**: COMPLETED **Enrollment**: 45 **Completion**: 2013-07

ClinicalTrials.gov

D Oral administration of freshly expressed juice of Echinacea purpurea herbs fail to stimulate the nonspecific immune response in healthy young men: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study

Rct Journal of immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997) 2002

**Schwarz et al., 2002** | J Immunother | Rct Schwarz Eveline, Metzler Joerg, ... Bode J Christian. Oral administration of freshly expressed juice of Echinacea purpurea herbs fail to stimulate the nonspecific immune response in healthy young men: res...

PubMed

D Drug Interactions of Echinacea, Ginseng, and Ginkgo Biloba Taken With Lopinavir/Ritonavir in Healthy Volunteers

Clinical Trial ClinicalTrials.gov 2005

**NCT ID**: NCT00103012 **Phase**: PHASE4 **Status**: COMPLETED **Enrollment**: 47 **Completion**: 2011-06

ClinicalTrials.gov

D Echinacea

**Source:** [Office of Dietary Supplements, NIH](https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Echinacea-HealthProfessional/) **Reading Level:** Health Professional This fact sheet from the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements provides evidence-based information ab...

D Adverse Event Profile: Echinacea

Openfda Safety FDA CAERS

**Source**: FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) Adverse Event Reporting System **Total Events**: 9 **Serious Events**: 5 **Date Range**: 20070928 to 20240116 - **HEADACHE**: 2

Related Supplements

Vitamin C 3 shared sources Ginseng 3 shared sources Ginkgo 2 shared sources Garlic 2 shared sources St Johns Wort 1 shared sources Saw Palmetto 1 shared sources Kava 1 shared sources Berberine 1 shared sources

Frequently Asked Questions

What is Echinacea and what is it used for?

Echinacea is an herbal supplement primarily used to help prevent and treat upper respiratory tract infections and the common cold. While it is widely used, research regarding its clinical effectiveness remains inconsistent.

Does Echinacea work for the common cold?

There is moderate evidence regarding Echinacea's use for the common cold, but results are controversial. Large-scale reviews suggest that the benefits for preventing or treating respiratory infections may be limited or inconsistent.

Can Echinacea improve athletic performance?

There is weak evidence to suggest that Echinacea helps with athletic performance. Research indicates that supplementation does not impact aerobic capacity or red blood cell production in athletes.

Is Echinacea effective for treating a cough?

There is currently insufficient evidence to determine if Echinacea is effective for treating a cough. Meta-analyses of herbal medicines have not provided conclusive results regarding its specific benefits for this symptom.

Does Echinacea interact with other medications?

Yes, users should be aware of potential interactions between Echinacea and prescribed medications. Specifically, there is a moderate risk of interaction with immunosuppressants because Echinacea may stimulate immune function.

What is the recommended dose of Echinacea?

The provided research does not specify an effective or recommended dose range for Echinacea. You should consult a healthcare provider for personalized dosing instructions.

Who should avoid taking Echinacea?

Individuals taking immunosuppressant drugs should be cautious, as Echinacea may counteract the effects of these medications by stimulating immune function. Always consult a doctor regarding potential drug interactions.

Answers generated from research evidence. Not medical advice.