Glutamine
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Evidence Summary
L-Glutamine is a conditionally essential amino acid that plays a critical role in immune function, gut integrity, and metabolic stress response. Research indicates its potential utility in managing intestinal permeability, wound healing, and clinical outcomes in critically ill populations.
Evidence by Condition
Glutamine levels are often reduced during critical illness, and supplementation is studied for improving clinical outcomes in these states.
Evidence suggests glutamine helps maintain the intestinal epithelial barrier and may assist in managing severe gastrointestinal disease.
Multiple meta-analyses have investigated glutamine to prevent morbidity and mortality in preterm infants during periods of metabolic stress.
Glutamine is studied alongside arginine for its potential role in the wound healing process.
Systematic reviews indicate that conclusive results regarding the effects of glutamine on athletic performance and body composition are still lacking.
Effective Doses
Dose ranges are not explicitly provided in the provided research summaries.
Key Findings
- Glutamine plays an important role in the complex interaction between gut microbiota and human health (PMID: 31652531).
- Glutamine supplementation may impact intestinal permeability in adults (PMID: 39397201).
- Glutamine is a preferred respiratory fuel for rapidly proliferating cells (PMID: 10796267).
- Glutamine is investigated as part of immunonutrition therapy for burn patients (PMID: 25536183).
Limitations
Much of the high-quality evidence is focused on clinical populations (critically ill, burns, preterm infants) rather than healthy individuals, and evidence for athletic performance remains inconclusive.
Safety & Interactions
The provided research does not explicitly list specific contraindications or drug interactions.
AI-generated summary from 40 peer-reviewed studies. Not medical advice. Always consult a healthcare provider.
Claims vs. Evidence
| Claim Type | % of Products | Evidence Required | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| All Other | 98% | Tier D (Unclassified) | ✅ Supported |
| Structure/Function | 90% | Tier C (DSHEA Structure/Function (no pre-approval)) | ✅ Supported |
| Nutrient | 52% | Tier D (Unknown) | ✅ Supported |
Research by Topic
Research Evidence (40)
BACKGROUND: Glutamine is a non-essential amino acid which is abundant in the healthy human body. There are studies reporting that plasma glutamine levels are reduced in patients with critical illness or following major surgery, suggesting that glutam...
BACKGROUND: Decreased concentration of nitric oxide has been proposed as one of the possible cellular mechanisms of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC). Arginine can act as a substrate for production of nitric oxide in the tissues, and arginine supplemen...
BACKGROUND: Crohn's disease is a chronic relapsing condition of the alimentary tract with a high morbidity secondary to bowel inflammation. Glutamine plays a key role in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosa and has been shown to reduce ...
BACKGROUND: There has been clinical enthusiasm for treating short bowel patients with human recombinant growth hormone and/or glutamine in hopes of reducing parenteral nutrition dependency. It has been more than a decade since Byrne and colleagues re...
**Tan et al., 2014** | Cochrane Database Syst Rev | Meta Analysis Tan Hannah B, Danilla Stefan, ... Wasiak Jason. Immunonutrition as an adjuvant therapy for burns. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(12):CD007174. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007174.pub2...
BACKGROUND: Glutamine endogenous biosynthesis may be insufficient for tissue needs in states of metabolic stress. Trials in adults have suggested that glutamine supplementation improves clinical outcomes in critically ill adults. It has been suggeste...
BACKGROUND: Glutamine is a conditionally essential amino acid. Endogenous biosynthesis may be insufficient for tissue needs in states of metabolic stress. Evidence exists that glutamine supplementation improves clinical outcomes in critically ill adu...
BACKGROUND: Glutamine is a conditionally essential amino acid. Endogenous biosynthesis may be insufficient for tissue needs in states of metabolic stress. Evidence exists that glutamine supplementation improves clinical outcomes in critically ill adu...
BACKGROUND: Endogenous glutamine biosynthesis may be insufficient to meet the needs of people with severe gastrointestinal disease. Results from studies using experimental animal models of gastrointestinal disease have suggested that glutamine supple...
BACKGROUND: Glutamine is a conditionally essential amino acid. Endogenous biosynthesis may be insufficient for tissue needs in states of metabolic stress. Evidence exists that glutamine supplementation improves clinical outcomes in critically ill adu...
BACKGROUND & AIM: This systematic review and meta-analysis of available evidence was conducted to obtain a conclusive result on the effects of glutamine supplementation on athletes. METHODS: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data related to body m...
The scientific literature has demonstrated that glutamine is one of the main beneficial amino acids. It plays an important role in gut microbiota and immunity. This paper provides a critical overview of experimental studies (in vitro, in vivo, and cl...
**Arribas-López et al., 2021** | Nutrients | Meta Analysis Arribas-López Elena, Zand Nazanin, ... Kochhar Tony. The Effect of Amino Acids on Wound Healing: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Arginine and Glutamine. Nutrients. 2021-Jul-22;13(8)....
The gastrointestinal tract's epithelial barrier plays a crucial role in maintaining health. This study aims to investigate the impact of glutamine supplementation on intestinal permeability, considering its importance for immune function and nutrient...
BACKGROUND: The amino acid glutamine is the preferred respiratory fuel for rapidly proliferating cells under normal conditions. Recent research has suggested a number of roles for glutamine during critical illness. This research has been largely perf...
BACKGROUND: The amino acid glutamine is the preferred respiratory fuel for rapidly proliferating cells under normal conditions. Recent research has suggested a number of roles for glutamine during critical illness. This research has been largely perf...
BACKGROUND: Glutamine endogenous biosynthesis may be insufficient for tissue needs in states of metabolic stress. Trials in adults have suggested that glutamine supplementation improves clinical outcomes in critically ill adults. It has been suggeste...
The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) indicates the feeling of fatigue. However, hypoxia worsens the condition and can worsen RPE. We evaluated whether carbohydrate and glutamine supplementation alters RPE and physiological markers in running at 70%...
OBJECTIVES: Glutamine can be beneficial to athletes for its antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of glutamine supplementation on some atherosclerosis markers after exhaustive exercise in y...
l-Glutamine (GLN) is a conditionally essential amino acid which supports gastrointestinal (GI) and immune function prior to catabolic stress (e.g., strenuous exercise). Despite potential dose-dependent benefits, GI tolerance of acute high dose oral G...
The beverage hydration index (BHI) facilitates a comparison of relative hydration properties of beverages using water as the standard. The additive effects of electrolytes, carbohydrate, and protein on rehydration were assessed using BHI. Nineteen he...
PURPOSE: To examine the dose-response effects of acute glutamine supplementation on markers of gastrointestinal (GI) permeability, damage and, secondary, subjective symptoms of GI discomfort in response to running in the heat. METHODS: Ten recreation...
Parenteral glutamine dipeptide improves nitrogen balance in postoperative patients on total parenteral nutrition (TPM). Animal studies show that the structure and function of the gut is preserved by glutamine. It is not known if this is the case in h...
PURPOSE: Validated biomarkers of food intake (BFIs) have recently been suggested as a useful tool to assess adherence to dietary guidelines or compliance in human dietary interventions. Although many new candidate biomarkers have emerged in the last ...
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate whether a combination of nutrients designed to promote gut and brain health also lowers psychological distress. The hypothesis is that a probiotic with fish oil, and glutamine supplement will reduc...
**NCT ID**: NCT07020754 **Phase**: PHASE2 **Status**: COMPLETED **Enrollment**: 84 **Completion**: 2026-01-25
The purpose of this study was to determine if acute intake of glutamine modulates homeostatic, hematologic, immune, and inflammatory responses to exhaustive exercise in the heat. Thirteen healthy, untrained young men participated in this randomized, ...
**NCT ID**: NCT06004375 **Phase**: PHASE3 **Status**: COMPLETED **Enrollment**: 20 **Completion**: 2023-05-30
**NCT ID**: NCT07210450 **Phase**: PHASE2 **Status**: COMPLETED **Enrollment**: 8 **Completion**: 2025-09-27
OBJECTIVE: Determine the minimum dosage of alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln) required to improve gut integrity and growth in children at risk of environmental enteropathy (EE). METHODS: This was a double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled dose-response t...
Modulation of the gut microbiota may help in treating obesity by improving host metabolic health. We aimed to evaluate the effects of probiotics or symbiotics on body weight and serum metabolite profile in women with obesity. A double-blind, parallel...
Yogurt consumption shows a wide range of effects on the gut microbial composition, and correlation of components in yogurt with the changes of gut microbia remains largely uncharacterized. We aimed to determine the effect of brown yogurt (SSN) on the...
Intermittent (or bolus) feeding regimens in critically ill patients have been of increasing interest to clinicians and scientists. Changes in amino acid, fat and carbohydrate metabolites over time might yet deliver other benefits (e.g. modulation of ...
BACKGROUND: Maintaining proper immune function and hormone status is important for athletes to avoid upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) and insufficient recovery, which is detrimental to sport performance and health. The aim of this study was t...
BACKGROUND: Analyse the effects of Bifidobacterium BB-12 on intestinal metabolites and serum inflammatory factors in premature infants. METHODS: 71 premature infants at gestational age of ≤32 weeks were randomly divided into the probiotic (n = 36) an...
BACKGROUND: On the basis of the contribution of the gut microbiota to hypertension development, a novel strategy involving fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been proposed to treat hypertension, but its efficacy has not been investigated in t...
**NCT ID**: NCT01838915 **Phase**: PHASE1 **Status**: COMPLETED **Enrollment**: 45 **Completion**: 2018-06
**NCT ID**: NCT01704430 **Phase**: NA **Status**: COMPLETED **Enrollment**: 60 **Completion**: 2016-06-21
**NCT ID**: NCT02491931 **Phase**: NA **Status**: COMPLETED **Enrollment**: 28 **Completion**: 2014-12
**NCT ID**: NCT03015077 **Phase**: NA **Status**: COMPLETED **Enrollment**: 59 **Completion**: 2016-08
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Frequently Asked Questions
What is L-Glutamine and how does it work?
L-Glutamine is a conditionally essential amino acid that is vital for immune function, gut integrity, and the body's response to metabolic stress. It serves as a preferred fuel for rapidly proliferating cells and plays a key role in the interaction between gut microbiota and human health.
Can L-Glutamine help with gut health and leaky gut?
There is moderate evidence suggesting that L-Glutamine helps maintain the intestinal epithelial barrier and may assist in managing severe gastrointestinal diseases like Crohn's. Research also indicates it may impact intestinal permeability in adults.
Does L-Glutamine help with wound healing?
There is moderate evidence that L-Glutamine may play a role in the wound healing process, particularly when studied alongside arginine. It is also investigated as part of nutritional therapy for burn patients.
Will L-Glutamine improve my athletic performance or muscle mass?
There is currently weak evidence regarding the effects of L-Glutamine on athletic performance and body composition. Systematic reviews indicate that conclusive results in these areas are still lacking.
Is L-Glutamine safe to take and are there any drug interactions?
There are no documented drug interactions or specific contraindications for L-Glutamine in the provided research. However, you should always consult a healthcare professional before starting a new supplement.
What is the recommended dose of L-Glutamine?
The provided research does not explicitly provide specific effective dose ranges for L-Glutamine. You should consult a medical professional to determine an appropriate dose for your specific health needs.
Can L-Glutamine help during critical illness?
There is moderate evidence that L-Glutamine may be useful in managing clinical outcomes during critical illness and metabolic stress. This is because glutamine levels often drop significantly during these periods of illness.
Answers generated from research evidence. Not medical advice.