Community-level dietary intake of sodium, potassium, and sodium-to-potassium ratio as a global public health problem: a systematic review and meta-analysis

source extracted confidence: high 2026-04-09
#humans #sodium-dietary #public-health #potassium #global-health

Community-level dietary intake of sodium, potassium, and sodium-to-potassium ratio as a global public health problem: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Farapti et al., 2022 | F1000Res | Meta Analysis

Citation

Farapti Farapti, Maulia Putri Hersya, ... Majid Hazreen Abdul. Community-level dietary intake of sodium, potassium, and sodium-to-potassium ratio as a global public health problem: a systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Res. 2022;11:953. doi:10.12688/f1000research.122560.3

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Widespread adoption of a westernized diet represents a major lifestyle change characterized by substantially higher sodium consumption and lower potassium intake, which is related to cardiovascular morbidity. METHODS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis over published studies in accordance with quantifying the dietary intake of sodium and potassium of the universal population across the world. The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases were used to find research that pronounced 24-hour urinary sodium or potassium excretion (reference period: 2014-2021). The effect size was estimated using the fixed-effect model; sub-group analysis become accomplished to determine urinary sodium and potassium excretion disaggregated by geographical location. Publication bias became evaluated the usage of graphical funnel plot. Data analysis was performed using STATA 16. RESULTS: Forty-three studies (n= 62,940) qualified the selection criteria. The mean urinary excretion of sodium and potassium was 156.73 mmol/24h [95% confidence interval (CI), 148.98-164.47] and 48.89 mmol/24 h (95% CI, 43.61-54.17), respectively; the mean urinary sodium/potassium ratio was 3.68 (95% CI, 2.96-4.40). CONCLUSIONS: This updated systematic review highlights excessively high dietary intake of sodium and low intake of potassium at the community level in most parts of the world. The urinary Na/K ratio exceeded the level recommended by the WHO guidelines.

Key Findings

Forty-three studies (n= 62,940) qualified the selection criteria. The mean urinary excretion of sodium and potassium was 156.73 mmol/24h [95% confidence interval (CI), 148.98-164.47] and 48.89 mmol/24 h (95% CI, 43.61-54.17), respectively; the mean urinary sodium/potassium ratio was 3.68 (95% CI, 2.96-4.40).

Outcomes Measured

  • Requires manual extraction

Population

Field Value
Population See abstract
Sample Size 62940
Age Range See abstract
Condition See abstract

MeSH Terms

  • Humans
  • Sodium, Dietary
  • Public Health
  • Potassium
  • Global Health
  • Potassium, Dietary
  • Sodium
  • Diet

Evidence Classification

  • Level: Meta Analysis
  • Publication Types: Journal Article, Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis
  • Vertical: potassium

Provenance

Source extracted via PubMed E-utilities API on 2026-04-09