Plant-derived nootropics and human cognition: A systematic review

source extracted confidence: high 2026-04-09
#humans #nootropic-agents #plant-extracts #cognition #phytotherapy

Plant-derived nootropics and human cognition: A systematic review

Lorca et al., 2023 | Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr | Systematic Review

Citation

Lorca Cristina, Mulet María, ... Serra Aida. Plant-derived nootropics and human cognition: A systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2023;63(22):5521-5545. doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.2021137

Abstract

Substances with modulatory capabilities on certain aspects of human cognition have been revered as nootropics from the dawn of time. The plant kingdom provides most of the currently available nootropics of natural origin. Here, in this systematic review, we aim to provide state-of-the-art information regarding proven and unproven effects of plant-derived nootropics (PDNs) on human cognition in conditions of health and disease. Six independent searches, one for each neurocognitive domain (NCD), were performed in parallel using three independent scientific library databases: PubMed, Cochrane and Scopus. Only scientific studies and systematic reviews with humans published between January 2000 and November 2021 were reviewed, and 256 papers were included. Ginkgo biloba was the most relevant nootropic regarding perceptual and motor functions. Bacopa monnieri improves language, learning and memory. Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) modulates anxiety and social-related cognitions. Caffeine enhances attention and executive functions. Together, the results from the compiled studies highlight the nootropic effects and the inconsistencies regarding PDNs that require further research.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.2021137.

Key Findings

Together, the results from the compiled studies highlight the nootropic effects and the inconsistencies regarding PDNs that require further research.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.2021137.

Outcomes Measured

  • anxiety

Population

Field Value
Population See abstract
Sample Size See abstract
Age Range See abstract
Condition anxiety

MeSH Terms

  • Humans
  • Nootropic Agents
  • Plant Extracts
  • Cognition
  • Phytotherapy

Evidence Classification

  • Level: Systematic Review
  • Publication Types: Systematic Review, Journal Article
  • Vertical: ashwagandha

Provenance

Source extracted via PubMed E-utilities API on 2026-04-09