Pharmacokinetics and Biological Activities of Notoginsenoside R1: A Systematical Review

source extracted confidence: high 2026-04-09
#ginsenosides #humans #animals #signal-transduction #nf-e2-related-factor-2

Pharmacokinetics and Biological Activities of Notoginsenoside R1: A Systematical Review

Wen et al., 2025 | Am J Chin Med | Systematic Review

Citation

Wen Chao, Liao Xiaofei, ... Lai Wentao. Pharmacokinetics and Biological Activities of Notoginsenoside R1: A Systematical Review. Am J Chin Med. 2025;53(1):205-249. doi:10.1142/S0192415X25500090

Abstract

Panax notoginseng (PN) root is a renowned nutritional supplement, health food additive, and traditional medicine that maintains homeostasis within the human microcirculatory system. Notoginsenoside R1 (NG-R1), an active compound derived from PN root, has been reported to possess various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and angiogenic effects. However, NG-R1's pharmacokinetic properties and pharmacological activities have not been systematically elucidated. In this paper, the pharmacokinetic properties of NG-R1, its pharmacological effects, mechanisms of actions, and structure-activity relationship have been reviewed. Notably, NG-R1 inhibits tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) expression, enhances the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), and enhances the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR). The pharmacological effects of NG-R1 are associated with the modulation of several signaling pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factor κ-B (NF-κB), NRF2/antioxidant response element (ARE), Wnt/β-catenin, and phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT). NG-R1 offers potentially protective effects against numerous diseases, including cardiovascular, neurological, renal, pulmonary, bone, and diabetes-related conditions. Although the pharmacological activities and diverse effects of NG-R1 have been demonstrated in various diseases, its clinical applications are limited by poor bioavailability. Several strategies have been explored to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of NG-R1, making it a promising candidate for drug development.

Key Findings

Several strategies have been explored to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of NG-R1, making it a promising candidate for drug development.

Outcomes Measured

  • inflammatory markers

Population

Field Value
Population See abstract
Sample Size See abstract
Age Range See abstract
Condition diabetes

MeSH Terms

  • Ginsenosides
  • Humans
  • Animals
  • Signal Transduction
  • NF-E2-Related Factor 2
  • Panax notoginseng
  • Structure-Activity Relationship
  • Anti-Inflammatory Agents
  • Antioxidants
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Evidence Classification

  • Level: Systematic Review
  • Publication Types: Journal Article, Systematic Review
  • Vertical: ginseng

Provenance

Source extracted via PubMed E-utilities API on 2026-04-09