Risk factors for gastric cancer: A comprehensive analysis of observational studies

source extracted confidence: high 2026-04-09
#humans #diet #feeding-behavior #prospective-studies #risk-factors

Risk factors for gastric cancer: A comprehensive analysis of observational studies

Hui et al., 2022 | Front Public Health | Meta Analysis

Citation

Hui Yuqing, Tu Chunyi, ... Gong Xiaobing. Risk factors for gastric cancer: A comprehensive analysis of observational studies. Front Public Health. 2022;10:892468. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.892468

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Multifarious factors have a causal relationship with gastric cancer (GC) development. We conducted a comprehensive analysis to evaluate the strength of the evidence examining non-genetic risk factors for gastric cancer. METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to November 10, 2021 to identify meta-analyses of observational studies examining the association between environmental factors and GC risk. For each meta-analysis, the random effect size, 95% confidence interval, heterogeneity among studies, and evidence of publication bias were assessed; moreover, the evidence was graded using predefined criteria, and the methodological quality was evaluated using AMSTAR 2. RESULTS: A total of 137 associations were examined in 76 articles. Among these meta-analyses, 93 associations yielded significant estimates (p < 0.05). Only 10 associations had strong epidemiologic evidence, including 2 risk factors (waist circumference and bacon), and 8 protective factors (dietary total antioxidant capacity, vegetable fat, cruciferous vegetable, cabbage, total vitamin, vitamin A, vitamin C, and years of fertility); 26 associations had moderate quality of evidence; and the remaining 57 associations were rated as weak. Ninety-four (68.61%) associations showed significant heterogeneity. Twenty-five (18.25%) associations demonstrated publication bias. CONCLUSIONS: In this comprehensive analysis, multiple associations were found between environmental factors and GC with varying levels of evidence. Healthy dietary habits and lifestyle patterns could reduce the risk for GC. However, further high-quality prospective studies are still necessary to draw more definitive conclusions.

Key Findings

A total of 137 associations were examined in 76 articles. Among these meta-analyses, 93 associations yielded significant estimates (p < 0.05). Only 10 associations had strong epidemiologic evidence, including 2 risk factors (waist circumference and bacon), and 8 protective factors (dietary total antioxidant capacity, vegetable fat, cruciferous vegetable, cabbage, total vitamin, vitamin A, vitamin C, and years of fertility); 26 associations had moderate quality of evidence; and the remaining 57 a

Outcomes Measured

  • Requires manual extraction

Population

Field Value
Population See abstract
Sample Size See abstract
Age Range See abstract
Condition See abstract

MeSH Terms

  • Humans
  • Diet
  • Feeding Behavior
  • Prospective Studies
  • Risk Factors
  • Stomach Neoplasms
  • Observational Studies as Topic

Evidence Classification

  • Level: Meta Analysis
  • Publication Types: Meta-Analysis, Journal Article
  • Vertical: vitamin-a

Provenance

Source extracted via PubMed E-utilities API on 2026-04-09