A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Over-the-Counter Medications Used in Older People for the Treatment of Primary insomnia

source extracted confidence: high 2026-04-09
#aged #aged-80-and-over #diphenhydramine #humans #hypnotics-and-sedatives

A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Over-the-Counter Medications Used in Older People for the Treatment of Primary insomnia

Almond et al., 2021 | Sr Care Pharm | Systematic Review

Citation

Almond Sandrah-Ann M, Warren Madelyne J, ... Ward Eileen D. A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Over-the-Counter Medications Used in Older People for the Treatment of Primary insomnia. Sr Care Pharm. 2021-Feb-01;36(2):83-92. doi:10.4140/TCP.n.2021.83

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the available evidence for safety and efficacy of over-the-counter (OTC) sleep aids used for the treatment of insomnia in older people.
DATA SOURCES: PubMed, EBSCO, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts.
STUDY SELECTION: Five studies were included that involved humans 65 years of age and older being evaluated on OTC sleep aids in the outpatient setting.
DATA EXTRACTION: Data extraction from each study included primary and secondary efficacy endpoints, such as differences in the mean total sleep time, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, and number of awakenings, along with safety endpoints, such as psychomotor ability, cognitive ability, and adverse effect profiles. Both subjective and objective measures of changes in sleep and adverse effects were included.
DATA SYNTHESIS: Diphenhydramine had a statistically significant increase in sedation and decrease in number of awakenings but was not shown to be any less or more safe than compared products. Despite lacking safety issues, valerian was found to have no effect on subjective or objective sleep outcomes. Overall, melatonin had the most evidence and was found to have a statistically significant positive impact on sleep measures without safety issues.
CONCLUSION: Diphenhydramine and melatonin appear to be efficacious in improving some sleep measures while causing minimal adverse effects. However, there are very few studies that examine the use of over-the-counter sleep aids in those 65 years of age and older with primary insomnia. Additional studies are needed in this population.

Key Findings

Diphenhydramine and melatonin appear to be efficacious in improving some sleep measures while causing minimal adverse effects. However, there are very few studies that examine the use of over-the-counter sleep aids in those 65 years of age and older with primary insomnia. Additional studies are needed in this population.

Outcomes Measured

  • sleep efficiency

Population

Field Value
Population older people
Sample Size See abstract
Age Range See abstract
Condition insomnia

MeSH Terms

  • Aged
  • Aged, 80 and over
  • Diphenhydramine
  • Humans
  • Hypnotics and Sedatives
  • Melatonin
  • Nonprescription Drugs
  • Sleep
  • Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
  • Sleep Wake Disorders
  • Valerian

Evidence Classification

  • Level: Systematic Review
  • Publication Types: Journal Article, Systematic Review
  • Vertical: melatonin

Provenance

Source extracted via PubMed E-utilities API on 2026-04-09