Interpretation of Serum Retinol Data From Latin America and the Caribbean

Cediel et al., 2015 | Food Nutr Bull | Systematic Review

Citation

Cediel Gustavo, Olivares Manuel, ... La Frano Michael R. Interpretation of Serum Retinol Data From Latin America and the Caribbean. Food Nutr Bull. 2015-Jun;36(2 Suppl):S98-108

Abstract

BACKGROUND: In recent decades, the general socioeconomic situation in Latin America and the Caribbean countries has improved, and many vitamin A programs have been implemented in an attempt to reduce vitamin A deficiency in the region. OBJECTIVE: To examine vitamin A status in Latin America and the Caribbean based on serum retinol concentrations and to contrast available data published before and after 1998. METHODS: A systematic review was performed. National surveys or representative studies that reported vitamin A status were selected. RESULTS: Ten national surveys and six representative studies were identified. Data for children under 6 years of age indicate that Guatemala and Nicaragua have practically eradicated vitamin A deficiency (less than 2% prevalence of serum retinol < 20 μg/dL). In Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, and Panama, the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency ranged from 2.8% to 9.4%. In Peru, Honduras, Argentina, Ecuador, and Brazil, vitamin A deficiency is a moderate public health problem (prevalence from 14.0% to 17.4%), while in Colombia, Mexico, and Haiti it is a severe public health problem (prevalence from 24.3% to 32.0%). Disadvantaged groups (indigenous people and those of Afro-Colombian descent) have the highest rates of deficiency. The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency is under 20% in school-children and adult women. When data published before and after 1998 for children under 6 years of age were compared, most Central American countries had a reduction in the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (p < .05), whereas in South American countries, the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency increased over time (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in children under 6 years of age has decreased in many Central American countries, but vitamin A deficiency still remains a public health problem in numerous Latin America and Caribbean countries, especially among disadvantaged and vulnerable groups. Because of issues with the accuracy of the serum retinol biomarker reflecting body stores, these results must be interpreted with caution.

Key Findings

Ten national surveys and six representative studies were identified. Data for children under 6 years of age indicate that Guatemala and Nicaragua have practically eradicated vitamin A deficiency (less than 2% prevalence of serum retinol < 20 μg/dL). In Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, and Panama, the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency ranged from 2.8% to 9.4%. In Peru, Honduras, Argentina, Ecuador, and Brazil, vitamin A deficiency is a moderate public health problem (prevalence from 14.0% to 17.4%

Outcomes Measured

• Requires manual extraction

Population

MeSH Terms

• Adult
• Argentina
• Brazil
• Caribbean Region
• Central America
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Colombia
• Ecuador
• Female
• Guatemala
• Haiti
• Humans
• Infant
• Latin America
• Mexico
• Nicaragua
• Nutritional Status
• Panama
• Peru
• Vitamin A
• Vitamin A Deficiency

Evidence Classification

• Level: Systematic Review
• Publication Types: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Systematic Review
• Vertical: vitamin-a

Provenance

• PMID: 26125200
• DOI: (not available)
• PMCID: Not in PMC
• Verified: 2026-04-09 via PubMed E-utilities API

Source extracted via PubMed E-utilities API on 2026-04-09